Map of Costa Rica
Costa Rica is positioned in both the northern and western hemispheres. Located in North America on the Central America isthmus – a somewhat narrow strip of land that connects North and South America – the country is bordered by Nicaragua, Panama, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.

Latitude/Longitude (Absolute Locations)
San Jose: (capital city) 9º 56′ N, 84º 05′ W
Puerto Limon: 9° 59′ N, 83° 2′ W
Golfito: 8° 38′ N, 83° 9′ W

On his final voyage to the New World in 1502, Christopher Columbus came ashore on Costa Rica’s Caribbean coastline (near Limon) and the indigenous Indians presented him with an offering of gold.

Christopher ColumbusThe lure of riches in the Americas was a strong magnet for European adventures of-the-day, but those that ventured to Costa Rica were confronted by an inhospitable landscape of coastal swamps and hostile Indians tribes – and most did not survive.

The Spanish persisted, and by the mid-16th century a few small settlements were successfully established; Cartago was declared the capital, and the colony was ruled by a governor appointed by the Spanish empire’s regional capital of Guatemala.

Unlike neighboring colonies, Costa Rica was slow to grow, and remained a collection of subsistence farmers for the next two centuries. With very few exports of real value, it quietly remained off the radar screen of the Spanish Crown.

After the overthrow of the Spanish King by Napoleon, Costa Rica and others declared their independence from Spain in 1821. Then, Costa Rica, as well as El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua formed the United Provinces of Central America, but that federation quickly dissolved, and Costa Rica became an independent state in 1838.

juan mora fernandezJuan Mora Fernandez (the first head of state) encouraged the cultivation of coffee, and over time the powerful coffee barons helped finance a political revolution that would change the country forever.

Over the next century an assortment of presidents and ambitious military dictators came and went, but for the most part, Costa Rica avoided the chaos of bloody coups, rebellions and citizen revolts endemic to other Central American countries.

In the mid-1900s, democracy was the order-of-the-day, but when the United Social Christian Party refused to leave power after losing the 1948 general election, civil war was in the wind.

The opposition in that brief 40-day uprising was led by Jose Mar¡a (Don Pepe) Figueres Ferrerhe, and in the end he founded a new republic; banned the Communist Party; women could vote; blacks gained citizenship; and in a brilliant stroke of governing he abolished the armed forces and established a term limit for all future presidents.